General Information

  • ID:  hor002407
  • Uniprot ID:  Q9QYH7
  • Protein name:  Ghrelins
  • Gene name:  GHRL
  • Organism:  Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
  • Family:  Motilin family
  • Source:  animal
  • Expression:  Ghrelin is broadly expressed with higher expression in the stomach. Very low levels are detected in the hypothalamus, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine and adipose tissue. Obestatin is most highly expressed in jejunum, and also found in duodenum, stomach,
  • Disease:  NA
  • Comments:  NA
  • Taxonomy:  Rattus (genus), Murinae (subfamily), Muridae (family), Muroidea, Myomorpha (suborder), Rodentia (order), Glires, Euarchontoglires (superorder), Boreoeutheria, Eutheria, Theria, Mammalia (class), Amniota, Tetrapoda, Dipnotetrapodomorpha, Sarcopterygii (superclass), Euteleostomi, Teleostomi, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, Craniata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum), Deuterostomia, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Metazoa (kingdom), Opisthokonta, Eukaryota (superkingdom), cellular organisms
  • GO MF:  GO:0001664 G protein-coupled receptor binding; GO:0005179 hormone activity; GO:0016608 growth hormone-releasing hormone activity; GO:0030296 protein tyrosine kinase activator activity; GO:0031768 ghrelin receptor binding
  • GO BP:  GO:0001696 gastric acid secretion; GO:0001937 negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; GO:0007186 G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; GO:0007204 positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration; GO:0007416 synapse assembly; GO:0008154 actin polymerization or depolymerization; GO:0008343 adult feeding behavior; GO:0009725 response to hormone; GO:0016358 dendrite development; GO:0031667 response to nutrient levels; GO:0032024 positive regulation of insulin secretion; GO:0032095 regulation of response to food; GO:0032097 positive regulation of response to food; GO:0032100 positive regulation of appetite; GO:0032691 negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production; GO:0032715 negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; GO:0032720 negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production; GO:0035774 positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus; GO:0040010 positive regulation of growth rate; GO:0040013 negative regulation of locomotion; GO:0042127 regulation of cell population proliferation; GO:0042322 negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep; GO:0043066 negative regulation of apoptotic process; GO:0043410 positive regulation of MAPK cascade; GO:0043627 response to estrogen; GO:0045927 positive regulation of growth; GO:0046010 positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep; GO:0046676 negative regulation of insulin secretion; GO:0046697 decidualization; GO:0050728 negative regulation of inflammatory response; GO:0051461 positive regulation of corticotropin secretion; GO:0051464 positive regulation of cortisol secretion; GO:0051602 response to electrical stimulus; GO:0051965 positive regulation of synapse assembly; GO:0051969 regulation of transmission of nerve impulse; GO:0060079 excitatory postsynaptic potential; GO:0060124 positive regula
  • GO CC:  GO:0005576 extracellular region; GO:0005615 extracellular space; GO:0005737 cytoplasm; GO:0030424 axon; GO:0098685 Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse; GO:0098794 postsynapse; GO:0098978 glutamatergic synapse

Sequence Information

  • Sequence:  GSSFLSPEHQKAQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR
  • Length:  28
  • Propeptide:  MVSSATICSLLLLSMLWMDMAMAGSSFLSPEHQKAQQRKESKKPPAKLQPRALEGWLHPEDRGQAEEAEEELEIRFNAPFDVGIKLSGAQYQQHGRALGKFLQDILWEEVKEAPANK
  • Signal peptide:  MVSSATICSLLLLSMLWMDMAMA
  • Modification:  NA
  • Glycosylation:  NA
  • Mutagenesis:  NA

Activity

  • Function:  Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation.
  • Mechanism:  NA
  • Cross BBB:  YES
  • Target:  Ghsr
  • Target Unid:  O08725
  • IC50: NA
  • EC50: NA
  • ED50: NA
  • kd: NA
  • Half life: 15-18 minutes; /990 seconds ( PubMed ID: 22592200 )

Structure

  • Disulfide bond:  NA
  • Structure ID:  AF-Q9QYH7-F1(AlphaFold_DB_ID)

  • Structure: (PDB_ID-from https://www.rcsb.org/; AlphaFold_DB_ID-from https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/; hordbxxxxxx_AF2.pdb was predicted structure by AlphaFold2; hordbxxxxxx_ESM.pdb was predicted structure by ESMFold)
    •    hor002407_AF2.pdbhor002407_ESM.pdb

Physical Information

Mass: 367039 Formula: C139H231N45O41
Absent amino acids: CDIMNTVWY Common amino acids: K
pI: 11.34 Basic residues: 8
Polar residues: 5 Hydrophobic residues: 5
Hydrophobicity: -173.93 Boman Index: -9425
Half-Life: 30 hour Half-Life Yeast: >20 hour
Half-Life E.Coli: >10 hour Aliphatic Index 35
Instability Index: 7334.64 Extinction Coefficient cystines: 0
Absorbance 280nm: 0

Literature

  • PubMed ID:  10604470
  • Title:  Ghrelin Is a Growth-Hormone-Releasing Acylated Peptide From Stomach.
  • PubMed ID:  10801861
  • Title:  Purification and Characterization of Rat des-Gln14-Ghrelin, a Second Endogenous Ligand for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor
  • PubMed ID:  22592200
  • Title: